Education

• Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri (A.B., Biology); 1986
• University of California, San Francisco, School of Medicine (M.D.); 1991
• University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Colorado
  Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics (M.S.P.H.); 1997

Research Interests

• Management of acute respiratory tract infections
• Appropriate antibiotic use
• Diagnostic tests and clinical prediction rules
• Enhancing patient self-care
• Community-based health care interventions
• Physician behavior change models
• Common symptom evaluation and unexplained symptoms

Selected Journal Articles

Gonzales R, Sande MA. What will it take to stop physicians from prescribing antibiotics for acute bronchitis? Lancet, 1995;345:665-666.

Gonzales R, Steiner JF, Sande MA. Antibiotic prescribing for adults with colds, upper respiratory tract infections and bronchitis by ambulatory physicians in the United States. JAMA, 1997;278:901-904.

Nyquist AC, Gonzales R, Steiner JF, Sande MA. Antibiotic prescribing for children with colds, upper respiratory infections and bronchitis by ambulatory physicians in the United States. JAMA, 1998;279:875-877.

Gonzales R, Barrett Jr PH, Crane LA, Steiner JF. The clinical encounter for acute bronchitis: factors associated with antibiotic use. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 1998;13:541-548.

Gonzales R, Barrett Jr PH, Steiner JF. The relationship between purulent manifestations and antibiotic treatment of upper respiratory tract infections. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 1999;14:151-156.

Gonzales R, Steiner JF, Lum A, Barrett Jr PH. Decreasing antibiotic use in ambulatory practice: Impact of a multidimensional intervention on the treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis in adults. JAMA, 1999;281:1512-1519.

Wilson A, Barrett Jr PH, Crane LA, Gonzales R. Knowledge and behavior related to antibiotic use for acute respiratory illness: Is our message clear? Journal of General Internal Medicine, 1999;14:658-662.

Gonzales R, Wilson A, Crane LA, Barrett PH, Jr. What's in a name? Public knowledge, attitudes and experiences with antibiotic use for acute bronchitis. American Journal of Medicine, 2000;108:83-85.

Hicks C, Gonzales R, Gibbons J, Wigton R, Anderson RA. Procedural experience and comfort level in internal medicine trainees. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2000;15:716-722.

Stone SS, Gonzales R, Maselli J, Lowenstein SR. Antibiotic prescribing for patients with colds, upper respiratory tract infections and bronchitis: A national study of hospital-based emergency departments. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2000;36:320-327.

Gonzales R, Sande MA. Uncomplicated acute bronchitis. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2000;133:981-991.

Maselli J, Gonzales R. Measuring antibiotic prescribing practices among ambulatory physicians: agreement between medical record and administrative claims data. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 2001;54:196-201.

Gonzales R, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, Cooper RJ, Hickner JH, Hoffman JR, Sande MA. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in adults: Background, Specific Aims and Methods. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2001;134:479-486.

Gonzales R, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, Cooper RJ, Hickner JH, Hoffman JR, Sande MA. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of uncomplicated acute bronchitis: background. Clinical Practice Guideline, Part 2. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2001;134:521-529.

Gonzales R, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, Hickner JH, Hoffman JR, Sande MA. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for treatment of nonspecific upper respiratory tract infections in adults: background. Clinical Practice Guideline, Part 2. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2001;134:490-494.

Cooper RJ, Hoffman JR, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, Gonzales R, Hickner JH, Sande MA. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in adults: background. Clinical Practice Guideline, Part 2. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2001;134:509-517.

Hickner JH, Bartlett JG, Besser RE, Gonzales R, Hoffman JR, Sande MA. Principles of appropriate antibiotic use for acute rhinosinusitis in adults: background. Clinical Practice Guideline, Part 2. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2001;134:498-505.

Gonzales R, Steiner JF, Maselli J, Lum A, Barrett Jr, PH. Impact of reducing antibiotic prescribing for acute bronchitis on patient satisfaction. Effective Clinical Practice 2001, 4:105-11.

Gonzales R, Malone D, Sande MA. Excessive antibiotic use for acute respiratory tract infections in the United States. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2001, 33:757-62.

DiMatteo L, Lowenstein SR, Brimhall B, Reiquam W, Gonzales R. The relationship between the clinical features of pharyngitis and the sensitivity of a rapid antigen test: evidence of spectrum bias. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2001, 38:648-652.

Oboler SK, Prochazka AV, Gonzales R, Xu S, Anderson RJ. Public expectations for the annual physical. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2002;136:652-9.

Steinman MA, Landefeld CS, Gonzales R. Predictors of broad-spectrum antibiotic prescribing for adults with acute respiratory tract infections in adult primary care. JAMA, 2003;289:719-725.

Steinman MA, Gonzales R, Linder JA, Landefeld CS. Changing use of antibiotics in community-based outpatient practice, 1991-1999. Annals of Internal Medicine, 2003;138:525-533.

Harris RL, Mackenzie T, Leeman BA, Corbett KK, Batal H, Maselli J, Gonzales R. Optimizing Antibiotic Prescribing for Acute Respiratory Tract Infections in an Urban Urgent Care Clinic. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2003;18:326-334.

Gonzales R. Clinical Crossroads: A 65 year old woman with acute cough illness and an important engagement. JAMA, 2003;289:2701-2708.

Gonzales R, Sauaia A, Corbett K, Maselli JH, Erbacher K, Leeman-Castillo B, Darr C, Houck P. Antibiotic treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in the elderly: Impact of a multidimensional educational intervention. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2004;52:39-45

Hall MC, Kieke B, Gonzales R, Belongia EA. Spectrum bias of a rapid antigen test for group A §-hemolytic streptococcal pharyngitis in a pediatric population. Pediatrics, 2004;114:1-5.

Flanders S, Stein J, Shochat G, Sellers K, Holland M, Maselli JH, Drew WL, Reingold AL, Gonzales R. Performance of a bedside c-reactive protein test in the diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in adults with acute cough illness. American Journal of Medicine, 2004;116:529-35.

Steinman MA, Sauaia A, Maselli JH, Houck PM, Gonzales R. Office evaluation and treatment of elderly patients with acute bronchitis. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 2004;52:875-79.

Gonzales R, Corbett KK, Leeman-Castillo BA, Glazner J, Erbacher K, Darr CA, Wong S, Maselli JH, Sauaia A, Kafadar K. The 'Minimizing Antibiotic Resistance in Colorado' Project: Impact of patient education in improving antibiotic use in private office practices. Health Services Research, 2005;40:101-16.

Corbett KK, Gonzales R, Leeman-Castillo BA, Flores E, Maselli J, Kafadar K. Variation in knowledge, attitudes, and awareness about appropriate antibiotic use by Hispanic ethnicity and language preference. Preventive Medicine, 2005;40:162-69.

Pletcher MJ, Fernandez A, May TA, Westphal JR, Gamez CA, Hersh JF, Gonzales R. Unintended consequences of a quality improvement program designed to improve treatment of alcohol withdrawal in hospitalized patients. Joint Commission Journal on Quality and Safety, 2005;31(3):148-157.

MacDougall C, Guglielmo BJ, Maselli J, Gonzales R. Trends in Antimicrobial Prescribing for Community-Acquired Pneumonia by Ambulatory Care Physicians - United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 2005;11:380-4.

Metlay JP, Camargo, Jr CA, Bos K, Gonzales R. Assessing the suitability of intervention sites for quality improvement studies in emergency departments. Academic Emergency Medicine, 2005;12:667-70.

Stein J, Louie JK, Flanders S, Maselli JH, Hacker JK, Drew WL, Gonzales R. Performance characteristics of clinical diagnosis, a clinical decision rule, and a rapid influenza test in the detection of influenza infection in a community sample of adults. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2005;46:412-19.

Louie JK, Hacker JK, Gonzales R, Mark J, Maselli JH, Yagi S, Drew WL. Characterization of viral agents causing acute respiratory infection in a San Francisco university medical center clinic during the influenza season. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 2005;41:822-28.

Gonzales R, Camargo, Jr CA, MacKenzie TD, Kersey AS, Maselli JH, Levin SK, McCulloch CE, Metlay JP and the IMPAACT Trial Investigators. Antibiotic treatment of acute respiratory tract infections in acute care settings. Academic Emergency Medicine, 2006;13:288-94.

Hart AM, Pepper GA, Gonzales R. Balancing acts: Antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory infections. Journal of Family Practice, 2006;55:320-25.

Aagaard E, Maselli J, Gonzales R. Patterns of chest xray ordering in adults with acute cough illness. Medical Decision Making, 2006;26:599-605.

Leeman-Castillo BA, Corbett KC, Aagaard EM, Maselli JH, MacKenzie TD, Gonzales R. Acceptability of a bilingual interactive computerized educational module in a poor, medically underserved patient population. Journal of Health Communication, 2007;12:77-94.

Steinman MA, Ranji SR, Shojania KG, Gonzales R. Improving antibiotic selection: A systematic review and quantitative analysis of quality improvement strategies. Medical Care, 2006;44:617-28.

Aagaard EM, Nadler P, Adler J, Maselli JH, Gonzales R. An interactive computer kiosk module for the treatment of recurrent uncomplicated cystitis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 2006;21:1156-9.

Schwarz EB, Reeves MF, Gerbert B, Gonzales R. Knowledge of and perceived access to emergency contraception at two urgent care clinics in California. Contraception, 2007;75:209-13.

Schwarz EB, Gerbert B, Gonzales R. Need for emergency contraception in urgent care settings. Contraception, 2007;75:285-8.

Metlay JP, Camargo Jr CA, MacKenzie TD, Kersey AS, Maselli JH, Levin SK, McCulloch CE, Gonzales R and the IMPAACT Trial Investigators. Randomized trial of a multidimensional educational intervention to improve antibiotic use for adults with acute respiratory infections managed in the emergency department. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 2007;50:221-30..

Nolt B, Gonzales R, Maselli J, Aagaard E, Camargo Jr CA, Metlay JP. Vital sign abnormalities as predictors of pneumonia in adults with acute cough illness. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2007;25:631-36.

Aspinall SL, Metlay JP, Maselli JH, Gonzales R. Impact of hospital formularies on fluoroquinolone prescribing in emergency departments. American Journal of Managed Care, 2007;13:241-48..

Gardner R, Sarkar U, Maselli JH, Gonzales R. Factors associated with longer emergency department lengths of stay. American Journal of Emergency Medicine, 2007;25:643-50.

Cornia PB, Lipsky BA, Saint S, Gonzales R. Clinical problem solving. A zebra galloping through clinic. New England Journal of Medicine, in press.

Gonzales R, Corbett KK, Wong S, Glazner J, Deas A, Leeman-Castillo BA, Maselli JH, Sebert-Kuhlman A, Wigton RS, Flores E, Kafadar K. ÒGet Smart ColoradoÓ: Impact of a mass media campaign to improve community antibiotic use. Medical Care, in press.

Textbooks

Rubin M, Gonzales R, Sande M. Infections of the Upper Respiratory Tract, In Kasper DL, Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson ML, eds. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 16th Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. (17th edition in preparation)

Gonzales R. Common Symptom Evaluation, In Tierney, Jr LM, Papadakis MA, McPhee SJ, eds. Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment, 46th Edition, New York: Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, 2006.